What is a common side effect of opioid use that nurses should monitor?

Constipation is a well-documented side effect of opioid use that nurses need to monitor closely. Opioids work by binding to specific receptors in the brain and gastrointestinal tract, which leads to reduced gastrointestinal motility. This slowed movement through the intestines can result in delayed transit time and increased water absorption from stool, making it harder and drier. As a result, patients may experience infrequent bowel movements, straining during stools, or a feeling of incomplete evacuation.

Monitoring for constipation is particularly important because patients may be on opioids for pain management and may not report side effects unless specifically asked. Nursing assessment should include regular evaluation of bowel habits and proactive measures, such as offering stool softeners, dietary fiber, hydration, and encouraging physical activity when appropriate. Recognizing and managing this side effect is vital to improving the overall quality of life for patients receiving opioid therapy.